The human figure is a fascinating study that charcoal artists should try. Whether you're aiming for real or rugged still life with charcoal, you'll still get the result you want. Step-by-step tonal value tutorial videos teach you to create a tonal grayscale and use it to compare with the shadows cast by your reference objects. The key here is to highlight the shadows and the light on the image. Drawing charcoal using real objects or photos as a reference image, you can create art to study their color values and tonal ranges. The study of objects from nature, like flowers, fruits, leaves, and rocks, is a popular subject in charcoal drawings. Study of Ordinary ThingsĪ still-life drawing of fruits in a fruit basket - Image by Artist Ankit Jastamiya It also makes for a perfect handmade gift that all art enthusiasts love.Īrrange all the materials in such a way that highlights the planes and edges by moving your light source (if using artificial light) or your setup (if using natural light) so you can create tonal values better when setting up reference objects. It allows you to learn how to render shape within a small area by playing with the relationship of the spaces and forms, creating details, and adding value to your charcoal drawings. Still-life is everywhere, making it an excellent subject for a budding artist who is still learning the basics of charcoal drawing. Start with toned paper, then build it up using willow charcoal, charcoal dust, and even colored charcoal. It's an excellent style to explore to improve your creativity and imagination and practice tonal value drawing. It also means freedom to express himself without adhering to the artist’s usual art form.įine art enthusiasts love this style because it conveys a powerful message, especially when the subject relates to the future of humanity.Ĭomplexity and light determine the impact of a surrealist landscape. Silhouette LandscapeĪ surrealist landscape - Image by Art of AsitĪs opposed to other art styles, surrealist landscape brings into focus man's subconscious, thus creating art out of this world. The secret here is to give as much detail as possible and arrange the individual images in different perspectives, angles, and depth to your drawing. Landscapes make lovely studies for charcoal artists without the added burden of details for color gradations and shades required for colored artwork using paint, pastel, or even colored pencils. Youtube videos feature talented artists that can show you how to use charcoal as a drawing medium to create hyperrealist art. It takes an impressive eye for detail and years of persistent practice to achieve this technique, but the effects are astounding. Details like skin pores, freckles, and even wrinkles get highlighted to capture the definition of a person's face, so it doesn't look any different from a photograph. Relevant Tags: Free Video Tutorial, Drawing Video Tutorial, Easy Drawing Video, Live Drawing Video, Simple Step By Step Drawing, Drawing Of Rose Charcoal Pencil, Easy Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil, How To Draw Rose Charcoal Pencil, Drawing A Rose Charcoal Pencil, Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil Image,Rose Charcoal Pencil Drawing Tutorial, Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil Picture, Abstract Art, Easy Cartoon, How To Draw, Beautiful Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil, Popular Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil, Fine Art Rose Charcoal Pencil, Speed Drawing Rose Charcoal Pencil, Rose Charcoal Pencil Picture, Rose Charcoal Pencil Image, Rose Charcoal Pencil Portrait, Online Drawing, Step By Step Drawing, Step By Step Rose Charcoal Pencil, Free Coloring Page, Free Coloring Page Of Rose Charcoal Pencil From hyperrealism portrait of a woman - Gerardo Monroy Artįor professional artists who have honed their skills for realistic portraits, it's time to take it to the next level with hyperrealism or photorealism. For Professional Output Please Use Expensive Specialized Material. Start Drawing With Any Material You've Got. For Drawing There Is No Need Of Expensive Materials. Choose Any Of Your Favorite Drawing Softwares. I Use Charcoal Pencil, Lead Pencil, Graph Paper, Paint Brush, Water Proof Ink, Drawing Paper Or Common Paper In Most Of My Videos. Don't Forget To Subscribe And Watch Other Videos. Learn How To Draw Rose Charcoal Pencil In Very Simple And Fast Way. Mail To: Me FB: Http://Facebook.Com/Srijay.Mudirajįacebook Page: Https:///Pages/I-Love-Drawing/1425696794322767 Cartoons To Draw Easy, Easy Drawings & Coloring PagesĬoloring Pages Download From Http://
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Jason Momoa, Amber Heard, Patrick Wilson, and Yahya Abdul-Mateen II are also returning. Director James Wan returns to helm Aquaman 2, while David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick, who co-wrote the first film, is scripting. The first Aquaman made over a billion dollars worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing DC film of all time for Warner Bros. Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (December 20, 2023) And while it's unclear whether or not the film is directly tied to the new DCU line, James Gunn has noted that Blue Beetle is standalone enough that it could be worked into the new universe. According to The Hollywood Reporter, the cast and crew have been assured that Blue Beetle won't meet the same fate as Batgirl (which was infamously shelved). Originally planned as an HBO Max film, this title is now slated for a theatrical release. Cobra Kai's Xolo Maridueña will play Reyes. It’s not what I thought it was going to be when I started reading, but that’s okay, because Lindsay and Kivela have aggressively grabbed my attention here, and I absolutely cannot wait for the second issue to find out just where the hell this story is going.Here are some of the most notable projects that are currently in the works: Blue Beetle (August 18, 2023)Ĭharm City Kings director Angel Manuel Soto directs Blue Beetle, which will focus on Mexican-American teen Jaime Reyes, the third character to adopt the Blue Beetle name in the comics. Oh, and it probably goes without saying, but Ryan Ferrier’s lettering is as slick and unobtrusive as you’d come to expect from the talented Canadian by now.īeautiful Canvas is a story impressive in its ambiguity, with a compelling lead and a slick visual style. Triona Farrell also deserves a huge chunk of the credit for the look of the series, with a muted palette of pastel colours and the use of a distinctive washed-out colour set to differentiate Lon’s flashbacks from the present day scenes. You can check it out in the preview below. A little bit David Aja, a little bit Tyler Boss, Kivela throws in some fantastically inventive panel layouts, including one particularly brilliant page where snorting drugs off a carrot leads seamlessly into a brutal ‘hit’ from Lon. One thing that doesn’t require repeat readings to fully appreciate is the artwork of Sami Kivela, whose slick, expressive style sizzles alongside Lindsay’s story, creating an effortlessly cool aesthetic. It sometimes feels like there have been pages missed as we hop from one scene to another, and while repeat readings allow us to get a better feel for the cadence of the story, that first read-through is likely to leave you with some raised eyebrows and burning questions. That said, there are some moments where Lindsay’s “buckshot” approach causes some slightly uncomfortable disorientation too as we zig-zag from the past and present tense and from the ordinary to the supernatural. It’s a legitimately dizzying experience – but in a good way, y’know? Initially selling itself as a stripped-down character piece about a hitwoman dealing with contradictions between her personal and professional life, it doesn’t take long before we’re met with psychopathic billionaires, a mutated half-animal special ops team and a decidedly otherworldly twist in the final pages. Lindsay’s clear passion for this project pours out of every page as he unleashes a shotgun blast of storyline buckshot, hitting us with a variety of different styles, genres and storyline threads over the course of this first issue. Lon is paid to take lives, but also finds herself involved in the creation of a new life, and when her latest job asks that she take the life of another child, she refuses, absconding with her intended victim in, and I quote, “some kind of buddy road trip”. And in this brand series from Black Mask Studios, Lon finds herself grudgingly taking a job that’s going to force her to make some pretty major decisions about where her priorities truly lie.įrom the creative partnership of Sami Kivela and Ryan K Lindsay, who previously collaborated on ComixTribe’s “surf noir” story Chum, this new series takes an interesting look at the wonderful contradiction between creation and destruction. On one hand, she wants to start a family with her pregnant wife, but on the other, she’s plagued by disturbing memories about past contracts that are making her doubt whether she’s actually capable of being a good person or not. They put great importance on personal relationships and may be a dreamer or have artistic ability. They tend to think things out before they happen and dream lucidly and literally. Blues have an inner knowledge and wisdom and they feel and know what is right without needing facts or data for substantiation. Blue auras are also a mark of a person with natural psychic and intuitive gifts. Blues are on this planet to serve mankind. They teach humanity that without love nothing else matters. Their life purpose is to serve, help and love others. They live out of their hearts and their emotions. Asian Ethnology, 78(1).īlues are the most caring, nurturing and protective personalities in the color-spectrum. More than Just a Photo? Aura Photography in Digital Japan. It may be interesting to note that from a technological perspective, Coggins’s camera may not able to produce that variety of colors. There were an infinite number of them, and colors constantly shifted according to an equally infinite number of factors of influence. I am endeavoring to give, as nearly as possible, the exact shade which expresses the unmixed emotion whose name is attached to it but human emotions are hardly ever unmixed, and so we have constantly to classify or to analyze indeterminate hue in the formation of which many factors have played their part.įor Leadbeater and his contemporaries, auras were unique in color variation to each person. In his most well-known treatise on the subject, Leadbeater notes that:īefore we can intelligently study the details of these various bodies, we must familiarize ourselves with the general meaning of the various shades of color in them….it will be realized that an almost infinite variety is possible in their combination. Leadbeater (1854–1934) developed and popularized the belief in the existence of seven subtle and different-colored bodies, together with a network of energetic pathways, centers, and chakras that control the flow of energy. The conventional interpretation of the colors depicted in the aura portrait is said to originate from Helena Blavatsky’s Theosophy of the 19th century. The image produced is a double exposure of the subject and the colored electricity of their body. That frequency is then matched to a corresponding color through an algorithm in the camera. In abstract, through the meridian points in a person’s hands, these plates sense the vibrational frequency they radiate. In the 1970s, scientist and spiritualist Guy Coggins modified the techniques of Kirlian photography into the camera system most used today-while Kirlian photography created contact prints, Coggins’s AuraCam generated instant photographs by connecting an instant-film camera to two electrode hand plates containing physiological sensors. Curious about this flash, he sought to photograph it in a series of dangerous investigations that resulted in surreal photos of energy discharge around his hand. In 1939, he witnessed a demonstration of a high-frequency electrotherapy device and observed a small flash of light between the machine’s electrodes and the patient’s skin. Contingent on one’s belief in metaphysics, the art of aura photography-a process that visually translates the electromagnetic energy a subject emanates into color-owes its origin to Kirlian photography, named after Soviet inventor Semyon Kirlian (1898–1978), who discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high-voltage source, an image is produced on the photographic plate.Īn adept electrician, Kirlian was often called upon to fix lab equipment in various institutions. Payment goes to the Bank No Buildings Left? Bids start at 10 and anyone can increase the bid by as little as 1. If multiple players want to buy the last Base or Headquarters, the Banker must auction it. You cannot build on a hero's space if any hero in their color set is sidelined. You can only have 1 Headquarters per hero. Pay the Headquarters cost on the hero card, return all 4 Bases to the Bank, and put a Headquarters on the hero's space. Once you have 4 Bases on all hero spaces in a color set, you can build a Headquarters. You can only have 4 Bases on a single space. You cannot build a second Base on a hero's space until you've built one on each space in the set. Pay the Bank the cost on the hero card, and place a Base on the hero's space. If you don't roll doubles by your third turn In Jail, pay 50, and use your last roll to move.Īs soon as you get a color set, you can start buying Bases (you don't have to wait for your turn). You can use up to 3 turns to try for doubles. If you do, you're free! Use the roll to move, and that's the end of your turn. Put the card at the bottom of the appropriate deck then, roll and move. Use a Get Out of Jail Free card at the start of your next turn if you have one (or buy one from another player). Pay 50 at the start of your next turn then, roll and move as normal. You can still collect payment, bid during auctions, buy Bases and Headquarters, sideline (mortgage) heroes, and trade while you are in Jail. Move your token to the Jail space immediately! Do not collect 200 for passing GO. If you land here, put your token in the Just Visiting section. Pay the Bank the amount shown on the space.ĭon't worry. Return it to the bottom of the deck when done. Take the top card from the matching deck, and immediately do what it says. When you pass or land on the GO space, collect 200 from the Bank. If none of your rolls matches the number on the board space, you lose the battle. When you land on a Child of Thanos, you must engage them in battle! Roll one die once for your token character, plus once for each hero card you have.Īs soon as one of your rolls matches the number on the board space, you escape from the battle! The four Children of Thanos are Cull Obsidian, Proxima Midnight, Corvus Glaive, and Ebony Maw. If the owner has drafted both, payment is 10 times the dice roll. If the owner has drafted only Winter Soldier or Black Panther, payment is 4 times the dice roll. If they don't ask before the next player rolls the dice, you don't have to pay! Winter Soldier and Black Panther When you land on a hero that someone else has drafted, the owner must ask you for payment. You may build Bases and Headquarters and charge even more money! You can collect twice as much money for those heroes! When you have drafted all heroes in a color set: No one pays anything, and the hero card stays with the Bank. The Banker ends the auction when no player is willing to increase the bid. Bidding starts at 10, and anyone can increase the bid by as little as 1. The Banker must auction the hero's allegiance. Pay the price on the board space, and take the hero card from the Bank. When you land on a hero that has not been drafted, you must draft them or auction their allegiance. Heroes come in color sets, except for Winter Soldier and Black Panther. In this version of Monopoly, instead of buying properties, you'll draft heroes for your team. That's all you need to know, so get going. If you roll doubles 3 times in a row, you must immediately Go To Jail! Do not complete your third turn. Roll the dice again, and take another turn. Where did you land? Carry out the rules of that board space. Move your token clockwise that number of spaces. Social distancing measures are in place staff at the property wear personal protective equipment periodic temperature checks are conducted on staff temperature checks are available to guests guests are provided with hand sanitiser. Disinfectant is used to clean the property and commonly touched surfaces are cleaned with disinfectant between stays. Cash is not accepted. This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place. This property accepts Visa, Mastercard and American Express. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. This property is managed by a professional host. Special requests can't be guaranteed and may incur additional charges. Special requests are subject to availability at the time of check-in. This property accepts credit cards cash is not acceptedĬharges for extra guests may apply and vary according to property policy.Ī cash deposit, credit card or debit card for incidental charges and government-issued photo identification may be required upon check-in. Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges special requests cannot be guaranteed Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Housekeeping is provided on a daily basis.Įxtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Additionally, rooms include iPod docking stations and a hairdryer. Business-friendly amenities include desks and laptop-compatible safes, as well as telephones local, long-distance and international calls are all complimentary (restrictions may apply). This San José del Cabo resort provides complimentary wireless Internet access. Bathrooms are also outfitted with dressing gowns, slippers and designer toiletries. Bathrooms include a separate bath and shower with a jetted bath and a rainfall showerhead. Flat-screen televisions come with satellite channels. This accommodation offers separate sitting areas. Rooms open to furnished balconies or patios. Secrets Puerto Los Cabos - Adults Only - All Inclusive offers 500 accommodations with indoor private hot tubs and tablet computers. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at this 4.5-star San José del Cabo resort. This all-inclusive resort also offers a hot tub, a steam room and a fitness centre. A computer station is on site and WiFi is free in public spaces. You can enjoy a drink at one of the bars, which include 5 bars/lounges, a beach bar and a poolside bar. There are 7 restaurants on site, as well as a coffee shop/cafΘ and a nearby snack bar/deli. Pamper yourself with a treatment at the full-service spa and enjoy amenities at Secrets Puerto Los Cabos - Adults Only - All Inclusive such as the seasonal outdoor pool and complimentary bicycles. Enjoy the umbrellas and sunloungers for a relaxing day at the beach. Additional charges may apply for meals at some restaurants, special dinners and dishes, certain beverages and other amenities. Other items and amenities, including taxes and gratuities, and access to recreational activities and entertainment may also be included. Room rates include meals and beverages at on-site restaurants and bars. Secrets Puerto Los Cabos - Adults Only - All Inclusive is an all-inclusive resort.
The group is now blazing trails and carrying the sound-world of Piazzolla with them on their eighth tour of the Midwest. It is based in the musical crossroads of Cleveland. For the past decade, musicians from all across the Americas have collaborated to explore and share the uncompromisingly unique, unequivocally attractive language of Piazzolla’s tangos. The Oblivion Project, formed in 2003, is dedicated to the exploration and performance of the over 3000 Nuevo Tango works of Argentine tango master Astor Piazzolla. Vist the ChamberFest website for details about all of the festival events: /lightness-of-being/ Contact the CFC Box Office with any questions: Cleveland presents Season 11: "Lightness of Being" (June 14 - July 1, 2023), with eleven concerts inspired by the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Czech author Milan Kundera. Tickets can be purchased online or by phone (21). The Disciples Church congregation can receive 50% off festival concerts using discount code DCC23 (please note: this discount cannot be applied to the Opening Night concert at Severance Music Center on Wed June 14). Regular admission prices are $40 General Admission / $10 Student ( with the DCC23 discount, the prices are $20 General Admission / $5 Student ). See more information about this concert online: Melodious with moments of melancholy, pastoral themes sway and swirl and weave together over a German folk waltz, genial and refined, in a sunny Sextet by Brahms. Of his quintet for piano and winds, Mozart said "I myself consider it to be the best thing I have written in my life," and his splendid tour de force is filled with a sense of ease and spontaneity. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Quintet for Piano and WindsĪ spirit of spontaneity and fantasy of freedom infuses this enthralling program. Unlocked is a series of fantasias inspired by folk songs sung by Black prisoners from the 1930s. "Firemen can stand the heat" (it got hot!!) If it does not work out, I have an 11.1 volt 3000 mAh lipo battery that I can use as well and it fits in the cylinder as well! I like the fact that the 7.2 NiMH battery is a perfect fit for the cylinder as well. I am just running in our swimming pool so I won't be going anywhere to fast. You'll still get plenty of run time, but the boat will like the higher voltage much better. I might suggest a 12V NiMh pack with something like a 1800mAh capacity. Both the pump and the motor will certainly turn on 7.2V, but won't be at maximum output or efficiency. I'm pretty sure that the pump is designed for 12V. In an environment where charge current is variable and intermittent and the cells are solar heated the ONLY method that works is one based on the cell's terminal voltage.You'll want to do some bathtub experiments with the cylinder before committing to the low voltage pack. I longish ago built solar portable lights using NimH cells. Threshold voltage (varies with charge current) Negative voltage inflection - see winny's graph. Or ALWAYS monitor temperature of cells and stop when they get hot. Reducing the charge voltage with say a series diode MAY be enough to make a useful difference. IF they stay hot then the battery pack is being roasted. So if their claimed 9V was a little low it could do quite a good job BUT the cells getting hot is a sure sign of end of charge. NimH charged at <= C/10 will automatically stop accepting current if V/cell is <= about 1.45V, say 1.4V to be safe. Whether low mAh cells still retain the O2+H2 recombining material is TBD. Cells over about 1800 mAh removed the recombining chemicals and would accept NO trickle charge. 'Once upon a time' NimH would tolerate C/10 trickle charge - which here = 1100 mAh/10 = 110 mA or less. So they are operated in series - unless they are lying.ĩV/6 = 1.5V cell - which is slightly on the high side for fully charged and they MAY keep on charging indefinitely, which will risk destroying them. 1.2 V per battery x 3 batteries in series)? Why am I seeing 4.16 V and 4.18 V instead?Ģ) Why is the charger output marked as 9 V? Wouldn’t this voltage damage the batteries? Or is the 9 V divided into two and each group gets 4.5 V? Even so, 4.5 V is still greater than the series-sum of 3.6 V.ģ) Is my duration calculation correct? If not, and since the charger is rated at 0.20 A, how long should I be charging the battery pack?ħ.2/6 cells = 1.2V/cell - which is the NOMINAL loaded voltage of NimH. When I checked the battery pack connections with a multi-meter, it read 4.16 V and 4.18 V, for each of the two groups.ġ) Shouldn’t each battery group read 3.6 V (i.e. (At the end of this period, both the charger and the pack got really warm.) So, I charged them for 4 hours and 45 minutes. I figured that since the original batteries were 700 mAH and I replaced them with ones rated 1100 mAH, I would need to charge them about 1.57 times longer. The Dremel dedicated charger is marked as outputting DC 9 V at 0.20 A and indicates a 3 hr charge time (but does not shut off by itself). So the pack exposes four terminals, two plus and two minus. There are two groups of these three-packs inside, but the two battery groups are not connected to each other. The pack design has three of the batteries grouped together, with nickel strips (shown in blue) connecting them in series: The originals were 1.2 V 700 mAH AA I could only find 1.2 V 1100 mAH NiMH AA batteries. The old battery pack was dead, so I had to replace the six rechargeable batteries inside. ‘Yes,’ she replies, as we watch Alma bounding across the lawn swooshing her rope in the air, ‘but she is also just a child playing.Before his work on radioactivity won him the Nobel Prize and helped usher in the nuclear age, Enrico Fermi was considered a mathematics and physics prodigy. Now I understand, I say to Janie, she is not just a child playing. ‘Of course I have to work hard,’ she says, ‘but all children have to work hard for exams, and at least when I work hard, I work hard for something incredibly exciting, like seeing my whole opera put on stage.’ When I leave, Alma is in the garden skipping with her tasselled rope. These performances will be followed by the Aix-en-Provence Festival in France and the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland. ‘He wants to help,’ says Guy).Īlma has a packed diary, preparing for her first concert in China in October a performance of Cinderella in San Jose, California, with an orchestra of 44 musicians in December, and a shortened version of Cinderella for children in Vienna in January. They now have a team of advisers: PR manager, financier, agent (Alma is the youngest ever British composer to be signed by an agent: Martin Campbell-White, who worked with Simon Rattle from the age 18 and is now semi-retired, is working gratis. ‘I am not sure she is desperately keen to be playing the piano or violin on stage in front of a large audience,’ says Guy. Does she ever feel left out? Guy and Janie respond by saying that of course both girls are special, very special, and point out that Helen is a different character. She is also taught via Skype from Switzerland by a specialist in a method, used in Italy in the 18th and 19th centuries, that teaches children composition in a playful way.īut what about Helen? I say. ‘Even with her friends, Alma plays very intensely, and after that she will say, “Now I have to be on my own for a bit and dream.” It would be difficult to do that in school.’Īlma was behind the move to Surrey, owing to her having lessons with two teachers from the nearby Yehudi Menuhin School. ‘Her needs are different and it’s quite difficult for any school, even with the best intentions, to cater for someone like that,’ says Guy. But her parents believe Alma wouldn’t have thrived in mainstream education anyway. She seems thrilled to be teaching her daughters ‘about fossils or Portuguese explorers, Tudors and Stuarts, or whatever it is’. Janie, who has given up her university job, is also a huge support, home-schooling both girls. These days she does most of the inputting herself, and Guy helps ‘with the more tricky features’. ‘Alma was never particularly technologically minded,’ he says. When Alma was younger, Guy, who now works from home writing books on linguistics, would input Alma’s written compositions on to the computer. ‘She outstripped us, maybe even at seven.’ Alma’s parents bought her first violin when she was three, paid for a teacher, nurtured her gifts, taught her what they know. A musical prodigy, in particular, hinges on parental involvement. ‘It wasn’t really anything unusual for me.’īut of course a child prodigy – as David Henry Feldman and Lynn T Goldsmith, both experts in the field, have pointed out – ‘is a group enterprise’. ‘I always had little melodies in my head,’ she explains. We should pay attention to that.’ She has the ability to name any note she hears with the effortlessness that most people can name a colour.Īlma composed her first piece before she was four. ‘I remember thinking, that’s a bit unusual. She sang something like “shashi shashi shashi sha” – but the notes were pitch perfect,’ says Guy. The anterior wall of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum are drained by the tributaries of the anterior interventricular vein, which collectively form the great cardiac vein on the annulus. The CS is the continuation of the great cardiac vein that runs posteriorly in the left atrioventricular groove (Fig. The CS receives four major tributaries: the great, middle, small, and posterior cardiac veins the other two groups include anterior veins of the right ventricle also called anterior cardiac veins and the smallest group of cardiac veins named Thebesian veins that drain directly into the tributaries of the greater and smaller cardiac veins. About 60% of drainage is performed by CS, the remaining 40% by anterior and small cardiac veins. The CS has a key role in myocardial venous drainage. This review will also inform readers about application of CS in other electrophysiological procedures. This review will provide updated knowledge on developmental, histological, and macroscopic anatomical aspects of CS with its role as arrhythmogenic substrate. The purpose of our review is to summarize updates and to clarify the role of coronary sinus (CS) in AF induction and propagation. According to many studies, PVI alone is not enough to deal with persistent AF. Over the last few decades, we have been trying to gain insight into AF mechanisms, and have come to the conclusion that there must be some triggers and substrates other than pulmonary veins. The recurrence rate of AF in patients with persistent AF is very high, which shows the inadequacy of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). But the most challenging type is still persistent AF. During the last few decades, owing to numerous advancements in the field of electrophysiology, we reached satisfactory outcomes for paroxysmal AF with the help of ablation procedures. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent atrial arrhythmia. |
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